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About bone cancer

Bone cancer occurs when cells in the bone begin to divide uncontrollably and abnormally. Bone cancer can affect any bone in the body, but it most commonly affects the pelvis or the long bones in the arms and legs including thigh bone, knee bone. Bone cancer is a rare type of cancer
Bone cancer is rare-less than 1 percent of all cancers, in addition, bone cancer is not a type of cancer that begins elsewhere in the body and spread to the bone.
There are several treatment options available to cure bone cancer at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi.

Types of bone cancer

Bone cancer is classified into certain types based on the type of cell where the cancer began. The types of bone cancer include:

Osteosarcoma: Osteosarcoma is the most common form of bone cancer. In this type, the tumor or cancerous cells form osteoid or bone.
- Primary Osteosarcoma: Tumours that occur between the ages of 15-25 years and affect the sites commonly- the lower-end of the femur; the upper end of the tibia; and the upper end of the humerus.
- Secondary Osteosarcoma: When a premalignant disease affects a bone and develops cancer is termed as secondary osteosarcoma. This type affects people above 45 years.
- Parosteal Osteosarcoma: This type of cancer begins in the region of periosteum.
Chondrosarcoma: In this type of cancer, the tumor or cancerous cells form cartilage and commonly occurs in the pelvis, legs or arms but is common in flat bones such as ribs, scapula, and ribs.
Ewing sarcoma: Ewing sarcoma tumors occurs in long bones like tibia and femur and less commonly in flat bones like pelvis. It is more common in teenagers and young adults.
Fibrosarcoma: Fibrosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that affects cells known as fibroblasts, which are responsible for creating fibrous tissue throughout the body like in tendons(which connect muscle to bone) and other soft tissue like ligaments or muscle.

Signs and Symptoms of Bone Cancer

Pain in the affected bone
The affected area may develop swelling and lumps
Fractures due to weakened bones
Numbness or a tingling sensation in affected area
It may cause unintentional weight loss and fatigue
Difficulty during movement

Book an appointment with the best oncologists for cancer treatment as well as diagnosis at best cancer Hospital in Delhi.

Diagnosis:

Imaging tests can help determine the location and size of bone tumors, and whether the tumors have spread to other parts of the body.

The doctor may advise multiple blood tests to inspect overall general health. Other tissues may include:

X-ray
Computed tomography scan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Biopsy: A procedure in which tissue samples are removed with a needle or during surgery from the body for examination under a microscope.

WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS OF BONE CANCER?

Age: Cancers usually appear with age. But in some types of cancers, younger people have a higher risk of developing them.
Osteosarcoma is common in teenagers and young adults and is associated with the growth of bones during puberty. It may also appear in older people.
Spindle cell sarcomas and chondrosarcomas tend to occur in adults between ages 35 and 40 while chondromas occur in adults over 60 years of age.
Radiation therapy or chemotherapy: People who have received radiation or chemotherapy previously run the risk of developing bone cancer, even though it is negligible. If it does occur, it is usually 10-20 years after having radiotherapy. People previously treated with certain chemotherapy drugs might have an increased risk of developing secondary cancer like osteosarcoma.
Individuals with non-cancerous (benign) bone tumors: Paget’s disease of the bone is a benign condition that causes painful and deformed bones. It mostly occurs in people older than 60 years of age, which results in the formation of abnormal bone tissue. The bones affected are usually dense, thick, brittle and weak. They may be susceptible to a fracture.
Genetic disorders: People who have inherited a gene that is maladaptive to the bones may run the risk of developing bone cancers. Hereditary retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer affecting children. They are more susceptible to develop bone cancer (osteosarcoma), soft tissue sarcomas and other cancers.
Bone Marrow Transplant: Bone marrow transplant is a procedure that replaces bone marrow that is malignant due to infection or chemotherapy. In such cases, there has been an increased risk for developing bone cancers.

WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF BONE CANCER?

Once cancer is diagnosed, tests are recommended to determine the stage of the cancer. Staging is done to find out the severity and extent of cancer spread. Staging helps the specialists to formulate the plan of treatment.

Bone Cancer Treatment Options

The treatment options of bone cancer are based on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, patient’s general health. Different bone cancers respond to different treatments, for example, some bone cancers are treated through surgery; some with combination of surgery and chemotherapy; while some with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Bone Cancer

Primarily, chemotherapy uses the drugs to destroy the cancerous cells. Chemotherapy drugs are usually delivered through a vein. A few of its primary functions are to starve cancer cells, impede their cell division, and triggering their suicide. While side effects remain, there is an attempt to research drugs that will minimize adverse effects, which are, nausea, weakness, fatigue, bowel-related issues, and blood-related issues, etc.

Radiation Therapy

In Radiation therapy the cancer cells are destroyed using high powered energy radiations. Radiation therapy is often used before an operation because it can shrink the tumour size and make it easier for the surgeon to remove.
Radiation therapy may also be used in patients with bone cancer that cannot be removed through surgery. After surgery, radiation therapy may be used to kill any remaining cancer cells.

Surgery

There are different types of surgery available at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi for various types and stages of cancer, depending on its size and severity, these are, limb-salvaging surgery, amputation surgery (removal of the limb with affected bone), reconstructive surgery, and surgery for metastasis.
If amputation is needed, you'll likely be fitted with an artificial limb and go through training to learn to do everyday tasks using your new limb.
The goal of surgery is to remove the cancerous tumour completely. In most cases, this involves special techniques to remove the tumor in one single piece, along with a small portion of healthy tissue that surrounds it.

Stem-cell transplants

When Ewing sarcomas are not particularly sensitive to chemotherapy, it may require radiation therapy and perhaps even stem-cell transplants. Stem cell transplants kill bone marrow cells of the affected region, and new cells are induced through the veins to replace destroyed cells through a blood transfusion. Eventually, these new cells adapt to settling down to make healthy bone cells. This process is known as engrafting.

Targeted therapies

Targeted uses drugs to treat cancers but is different from conventional chemotherapy. It works by targeting specific proteins and genes to impede the growth and spread of cancer.
Furthermore, these drugs:

disable the growth and division of cancer cells
prevent cells from living longer than usual
and then, destroy cancer cells

Consult the cancer specialist at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi.

What is Colon cancer

Colon cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the in the rectum or colon present in large intestine. These organs are the final part of the digestive tract. Colon cancer is also called colorectal cancer since it combines colon cancer and rectal cancer that begins in the rectum.
Colon cancer generally affects older adults; however, it can happen at any age. It starts as small and noncancerous polyps that develop inside the colon. Over a period these polyps can develop as colon cancers. That’s why it is suggested to undergo regular screening so as to rule out the disease in early stage, if identified polyps can be removed surgically before these convert into cancer.
Lets check what all are the signs of colon cancer and how it can be managed.

What are the signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer

Generally, patients experience no symptoms in the early stages of the colon cancer. The symptoms appear depending on the cancer's size and location in the large intestine. These symptoms may include:

A persistent change in bowel habits such as diarrhoea or constipation
Bleeding per rectum or bloody stool
Excessive and Persistent discomfort in abdomen such as cramps, gas or pain
A feeling of incomplete emptying of bowel
Weight loss without trying
Weakness
Excessive bodily fatigue
Vomiting

Patients may experience the following symptoms in addition in case colon cancer spreads to other parts of the body:

Jaundice
Difficulty in breathing
Swollen Hands or feet
Long lasting headache
Blurred vision
Bone fractures

“We Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi advise patients experiencing early signs to undergo screening before these signs worsen.”

What are the causes of colorectal cancer

Researchers are still working on finding the exact causing factor for colorectal cancer, however there are certain risk factors considered as responsible to contribute I the development of colorectal cancer.

Gene mutations
Gene mutation is a term used for changes in DNA. When a cell’s DNA is changed or damaged, cells still divide to grow but abnormally developing a tumour.
Precancerous growths
Abnormal cells accumulate in the lining of the colon developing small and non-cancerous polyps. These polyps should be removed surgically to avoid the development of cancerous tumour.

Various risk factors responsible to contribute developing colorectal cancer are as follows:

Older age: People who are older than 50 are at more risk of developing colorectal cancer.
Personal history of bowel diseases
Eating red meats or a diet high in processed foods. Colorectal cancer may be associated with a typical diet, which is low in fiber and high in fat and calories.
People with a prior history of polyps or colorectal cancer are at a greater risk of colon cancer in the future.
Inflammatory and chronic conditions of intestine such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease make one at high risk of developing colon cancer.
Inherited syndromes that are passed through generations can increase colon cancer risk. However, only a small percentage of colon cancers are linked to inherited genes.
Anyone with a family history of colon cancer is likely to develop colon.
People with sedentary lifestyle are more likely to develop colon cancer.
People with diabetes or who are resistant to insulin have an increased risk of colon cancer.
People who are overweight are at higher risk to develop colon cancer when compared with people considered normal weight.
Smoking may increase the risk of colon cancer.
More consumption of alcohol also increases the risk of colon cancer.

Book an appointment with the best oncologists for cancer treatment as well as diagnosis at best cancer Hospital in Delhi.

How to diagnose colorectal cancer

There are certain investigations recommended by the experts to screen people with either early signs or no signs in order to look for signs of colon cancer or noncancerous colon polyps. identifying colon cancer at its earliest stage helps the experts to manage the case in real time.
Any screening initiates with a medical and family history of the patient followed by a physical examination. Important tests, which are recommended to rule out the colon cancer are as follows:

Blood tests: Blood tests do not rule out the have colon cancer, but blood test is required to look for the overall health of the patient such as kidney and liver function tests.
X-ray
CT scan: CT scans provides a detailed image of the colon.
Colonoscopy: It is a procedure that involves the use of a long and flexible tube attached with a small camera. The specialist is able to see inside the colon and rectum to confirm anything unusual. In some cases if doctor finds something unusual, doctor can remove a tissue from abnormal areas which is sent to a laboratory for further analysis.

Determining the extent of the cancer

Staging in any cancer helps to determine what treatment options are most suited for a patient. After a thorough evaluation of the patient physically by the expert also through the investigations stages of colorectal cancer can be determined.

Stages of Colorectal cancer are listed as follows:
Stage 1: This is the early stage where the cancer has penetrated the lining of the colon or rectum but has not spread to the walls of organ.
Stage 2: At this stage, the cancer has spread to the walls of the colon or rectum but has not spread to the lymph nodes or surrounding tissues yet.
Stage 3: At this stage, the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body yet.
Stage 4: This is the most advanced stage also critical one where the cancer has spread to other distant organs, such as the liver or lungs.

Treatment options for colorectal cancer

“Various treatment options available at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi include Surgery, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, targeted therapy”. Let us have a detailed look:

Surgery for early-stage colon cancer

Polypectomy: Surgery done to remove the small and non- cancerous polyp.
Endoscopic mucosal resection: In this procedure, larger polyps are removed during colonoscopy using special tools.
Laparoscopic surgery: Those polyps that cannot be removed during a colonoscopy procedure may be removed through laparoscopic surgery.

Surgery for more advanced colon cancer

In case of advanced cancer, surgery is done to relieve a blockage of the colon or other conditions in order to improve the symptoms such as a blockage, bleeding or pain.
In specific cases where the cancer has invaded into the liver or lung but overall health is good, surgery may be recommended to remove the cancer.
But if the cancer has spread to the colon, following surgical procedures are recommended:

Partial colectomy: This procedure is conducted through laparoscopy. In this procedure, the surgeon removes the part of colon containing the cancer.
Ostomy: This surgery involves creating a way for waste to excrete through patient’s body. It is carried out by creating an opening in the wall of abdomen from a portion of the remaining bowel for the excretion of stool into a bag that is fitted securely over the opening.
Colostomy: Is done when patient does not get benefit from Ostomy.
Lymph node removal: Surrounding lymph nodes are also removed during colon cancer surgery.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells. If the cancer is larger or has spread to the lymph nodes, chemotherapy for colon or rectal cancer is typically given after surgery. After surgery ,chemotherapy may kill any remaining cancer cells in the body and help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.
In addition, chemotherapy if given before surgery, it might shrink a large cancer so that it is easier to remove with surgery.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses powerful energy sources to destroy the cancer cells. In some cases, radiation is combined with chemotherapy to enhance the results.

Targeted drug therapy

This type of therapy focus on particular abnormalities present within cancer cells and block these abnormalities eventually killing the cancer cells.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that uses patient’s immune system to fight cancer. Patients with cancer has weak immune system that may not fight cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that blind the immune system cells from identifying the cancer cells. Immunotherapy interferes with that process.

Palliative or Supportive care

Palliative care teams aim to improve the quality of life for patients with cancer. This form of care is offered alongside curative or other treatments a patient may be receiving.
Palliative care is specialized medical care that focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care is provided by a team of doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals that work with patient, his/her family and patient’s other doctors to provide an extra layer of support that complements the ongoing care.

Consult the cancer specialist at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi.

Rectal cancer and cancer of colon are often referred to together as "colorectal cancer." But their treatments are quite different because the rectum is situated in a tight space, difficult to separate from other organs and structures in the pelvic cavity.
The rectum is a part of the large intestine that originates at the end of the final segment of the colon and ends when it reaches the short, narrow passage leading to the anus.

Signs and Symptoms of rectal cancer

Changes in bowel movements like diarrohea or constipation
Blood and mucus in stool
Pain in abdomen
Pain during bowel movements
Deficiency of iron
A feeling of incomplete emptying of bowel
Weight loss for no reason
Weakness or fatigue

Book an appointment with the best oncologists for cancer treatment as well as diagnosis at best cancer Hospital in Delhi.

Causes and risk factors of rectal cancer

When healthy cells in the rectum make changes in their DNA leading to Rectal cancer. However, in most cases, the cause of such changes in DNA is unknown.
In some cases these changes are inherited that means, these are passed from one generation to another.

One’s lifestyle factors also contribute in development of rectal cancer. These include:

Old age: People older than 50 years old are at more risk of developing colon and rectal cancer. Colorectal cancer may develop in younger people as well but less frequently.
Personal history of polyps: Someone who had history of adenomatous polyps, he/she may have a greater risk of colorectal cancer later in life.
Inflammatory bowel disease: Few chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon and rectum like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, increase the risk of developing the colorectal cancer.
Family history of colorectal cancer: If someone in family had a history of colorectal cancer, other family members are possibly at risk of developing colorectal Cancer.
Improper diet: A diet low in vegetables and high in red meat may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
A sedentary lifestyle: Anyone with a sedentary lifestyle with no regular physical activity is likely to develop colorectal cancer.
Diabetes: Diabetes 2 patients may have an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Obesity: Obese or overweight people have an increased risk of colorectal cancer associated with risk of dying due to cancer.
Smoking: Smoking is also considered as one of the risk factors for development of colon cancer.
Alcohol: Chronic alcohol consumption may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
Radiation therapy for previous cancer treatment: Radiation therapy focused at the abdomen for treatment of previous cancers may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

Diagnosis of rectal cancer

The following blood tests and imaging studies are used as diagnostic tools in rectal cancer:

CBC-Complete blood count: This test measures the red blood cells count , less number indicates that a tumor is causing blood loss.
CEA-Carcinoembryonic antigen: In some cases cancers produce substances termed as tumor markers that can be identified in blood. Carcinoembryonic antigen is one such tumour marker, which may be higher in patients with colorectal cancer. Basically CEA test monitors patient’s response to the treatment.
Chemistry panel: This test checks a number of chemicals in the blood. Abnormal levels of some of these chemicals indicates that cancer has spread to other organs including kidney or liver.
CT Scan-computed tomography of the chest: This test monitors whether rectal cancer has spread to other organs.
MRI -magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis: MRI provides a detailed and clear image of the lymph nodes near the rectum, muscles, organs and other tissues surrounding a tumor in the rectum.
Colonoscopy: This test is the most precise of all diagnostic investigations. A thin, flexible, lighted tube with a video camera at its tip “known as colonoscope” is used to view the inside of colon and rectum.

Stages of Rectal cancer

Once rectal cancer is diagnosed, the next step is to define the stages of cancer that means to what extent the cancer has spread. Oncologist can decide the appropriate plan of treatment based on the stages. These stages are as follows:

Stage 0 This is the initial stage of rectum cancer where the cancer cells remain on the surface of the rectal lining(mucosa).
Stage I At this stage, the cancer extends below the rectal mucosa, penetrating into the rectal wall sometimes.
Stage II At this stage, cancer extends into or through the rectal wall, grows to the tissues surrounding the rectum.
Stage III At this stage, cancer cells spread to the lymph nodes near to the rectum, in addition, tumor reach to the structures and tissues outside the rectal wall.
Stage IV At this stage, cancer has spread to a distant organ or distant lymph nodes.

Treatment options for rectal cancer available at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi

As other cancers, rectal cancer also require more than one treatment type. Various common treatment options for rectal cancer are:
Surgery is done to remove the tumor, and depends on various factors like:

Patient’s age
Patient’s general health
Patient’s medical history
The stage of the cancer
The location of the tumor in the rectum
The size of the tumor

List of a few surgical procedures commonly used to treat rectal cancer:

APR: Abdominoperineal resection with end colostomy. This procedure offers the best treatment for rectal tumors located extremely close to the anal sphincter. With cancer in this location, the surgeon has to remove both the tumor and the sphincter to reduce the risk that the cancer will return.
After APR, it is no longer possible to pass stool through the anus. Stool then passes into a removable pouch placed over the stoma.
Coloanal anastomosis: This procedure may be an option for rectal cancer surgery if the tumor is at least 1 centimeter above the top of the anal sphincter. The surgeon removes the entire rectum and enough of the surrounding tissue to achieve clear margins keeping the anus intact.
Low anterior resection: Onco-surgeons perform this procedure when the tumor is located in the upper part of the rectum. The surgeon removes the tumor and a margin of healthy tissue around it, leaving the lower part of the rectum in place.
Local excision: This technique is generally performed for early, small stage 1 rectal cancers, after a biopsy shows that the tumor is unlikely to spread or return. In this procedure, rectal tumor is removed along with a margin of healthy tissue and the section of rectal wall beneath the tumor.
More-extensive surgery: Patient’s with rectal cancer associated with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or a genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer require surgery that is more extensive than are the procedures explained above.

Chemotherapy

Medicines are given either orally or injected through veins, these medicines kill the cancer cells. Number of sessions given in chemotherapy are decided by the medical Oncologist based on the severity of condition. Chemotherapy is given pre surgery in some cases while in some cases it is given after the surgery.

Target Therapy

Medicines used in this therapy stops the process of changes in DNA.

Combination therapy

Combination of chemotherapy and radiation is a standard treatment for stage II and stage III rectal cancers. This approach is also an option for treating some stage I rectal cancers that have a high risk of recurring.

Palliative care

Palliative care is focused on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care specialists work with patient, patient’s family and patient’s other doctors to provide an extra layer of support that complements the ongoing care.
Palliative care is provided by a team of doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals. Palliative care teams aim to improve the quality of life for patients with cancer and their families.

Consult the cancer specialist at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi.

A mass or growth of abnormal cells in the human brain is called a Brain tumor. There are different types of brain tumors that exist, some are benign i.e, noncancerous while some brain tumors are malignant i.e, cancerous.
Brain tumors can begin in the brain or can begin in other parts of the body and spread to the brain.
Treatment options for brain tumors depend on the type of brain tumor, its size, and location in the body.

Signs and Symptoms OF Brain tumors

The signs and symptoms of a brain tumor depend on the brain tumor’s size, location, and rate of growth. Typical signs and symptoms caused by brain tumors include:

Headaches that become more frequent and more severe with time
A change in the pattern of headaches
Vision problems including blurred vision in some cases or double vision in some cases.
Loss of movement or sensation in an arm or a leg
Problems with hearing capacity
Difficulty with balancing the body
Difficulties in speech
Confusion in everyday matters
Seizures, especially in those who do not have a history of seizures
Unexplained nausea or vomiting
Changes in behavior

Book an appointment with the best oncologists for cancer treatment as well as a diagnosis at the best cancer hospital in Delhi.

Causes of Brain tumors

PRIMARY BRAIN tumorS: Brain tumors that originate in the brain are termed primary brain tumors.
There are a few different types of primary brain tumors, each is named after a type of cells involved. Such Primary tumors include:

Gliomas. These tumors begin in the brain or spinal cord and include astrocytomas, ependymomas, glioblastomas, oligoastrocytomas, and oligodendrogliomas.
Meningiomas. A meningioma is a tumor that arises from the membranes surrounding our brain and spinal cord (meninges).
Acoustic neuromas. These are benign tumors that develop on the nerves that control balance and hearing leading from the inner ear to the brain.
Pituitary adenomas. These are mostly benign tumors that develop in the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.
Medulloblastomas. These are the most common cancerous brain tumors in children while less common in adults. A medulloblastoma starts in the lower back part of the brain and tends to spread through the spinal fluid.
Craniopharyngiomas. These type of tumors start near the brain’s pituitary gland that secretes hormones which control many body functions. As the craniopharyngioma grows, it can affect the pituitary gland and other structures near the brain.

SECONDARY BRAIN tumorS: Cancer that begins elsewhere and spreads to the brain are termed as secondary brain tumors. These types of tumors affect people having a history of cancer.
A few cancers that can spread to the brain include:

Kidney cancer
Lung cancer
Breast cancer
Colon cancer
Melanoma

Risk Factors of Brain tumors

Some factors are responsible and are identified as risk factors to develop a brain tumor. These include:

Exposure to radiation. People who are exposed to a type of radiation called ionizing radiation are at more risk of developing brain tumors. Ionizing radiation includes radiation used to treat cancer and radiation released by atomic bombs.
Family history of brain tumors. People with a family history of brain tumors are at higher risk of brain tumors.

Diagnosis of Brain tumor

A neurological exam: A neurological exam involves an examination of vision, hearing, balance, coordination, strength, and reflexes. Difficulty or abnormality in one or more areas may indicate which part of the brain could be affected by a brain tumor.
MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging of the Brain is commonly used as an essential diagnostic tool for brain tumors.
CT Scans: computerized tomography, Positron emission tomography (PET) may be used for brain imaging.
BIOPSY: A biopsy can be performed as part of an operation to remove the brain tumor, or a biopsy can be performed using a needle. The biopsy sample is then viewed under a microscope to determine if it is cancerous or benign.

Treatment options available for Brain tumors at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi

Treatment for a brain tumor is decided on the basis of the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient’s overall health.

Surgery

If the tumor is located in a place that is accessible for the surgery, Onco-Surgeon removes as much of the brain tumor as possible. As in some cases, tumors are small, in addition, can be separated easily from surrounding brain tissue, such tumors can be removed completely. While in some cases, tumors are located near sensitive areas in the brain or are difficult t separate from surrounding tissue make the surgical intervention risky. In such tumors, Onco-Surgeon removes as much of the tumor as safe. Removal of even a small portion of the tumor may help lessen the signs and symptoms.

Minimally Invasive Scarless Brain Surgery

At Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi, Neurosurgeons are experts in minimally invasive techniques. Our surgical team is able to successfully and safely remove the tumor. Minimal invasive surgeries for brain tumors reduce hospital stay also the recovery is fast.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or protons to destroy the cancerous cells.
External beam radiation focuses on that area of the brain where the tumor is located, or in some cases radiation therapy can be focused on the entire brain.

Stereotactic radiosurgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery is not a form of traditional surgery, radiosurgery uses multiple beams of radiation to give a highly focused form of radiation treatment to kill the tumor cells in a very small area. Each beam of radiation is not powerful particularly, but the point where all the beams meet at the brain tumor receives a very large dose of radiation to kill the tumor cells effectively.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses medicines to destroy cancerous tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken orally as pills or can be injected into a vein. Many other chemotherapy medicines are available and may be used depending on the type of cancer.

Targeted Drug Therapy

Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die.

Rehabilitation after Brain tumor Treatment

Since brain tumors can affect those parts of the brain that control motor skills, speech, vision, and thinking, hence rehabilitation is a necessary part of the recovery. A few essential therapies are required after brain tumor treatment:

Physiotherapy to help regain lost motor skills including muscle strength and pain while joints movement.
Occupational therapy helps the patient get back to his/her normal daily activities including work, after a brain tumor or other related ailment.
Speech therapy by professional therapists to overcome the difficulty in speaking because of brain tumor.
Tutoring for school-going children to help children copes with changes in their memory and concentration after a brain tumor.

Consult the cancer specialist at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi.

Gallbladder Cancer

Gallbladder cancer occurs when cancerous cells develop in the tissues of the gallbladder. it initiates in the inner layer and extends up to the outer layer of the gallbladder as cancer grows.
The chance for the cure is more in the case when it is discovered at its earliest stages but it is difficult to diagnose. It often shows no specific signs or symptoms.

Signs and Symptoms

Bloating or swelling in the abdomen
Fever
Weight loss without trying
Pain above the right part of the stomach.
Itching
Nausea or vomiting
Jaundice
Lumps in the belly: If cancer blocks the bile ducts, the gallbladder can swell.

Book an appointment with the best oncologists for cancer treatment as well as a diagnosis at the best cancer hospital in Delhi.

Causes and risk factors

Gender: Gallstones and gallbladder inflammation are much more common in women than men also are important risk factors for gallbladder cancer.
Age factor: Gallbladder cancer is diagnosed mainly in older people, the average age to be around 70 but gallbladder cancer can be developed in younger people as well.
Personal history of gall bladder stones: Gall bladder stones are the most common risk factor for gallbladder cancer, but gallbladder cancer is quite rare.
Other gallbladder diseases: Other gallbladder conditions such as gallbladder polyps and chronic gallbladder infection can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.
Porcelain gallbladder: A porcelain gallbladder is a condition in which occurs after long-term inflammation of the gallbladder and in this condition calcium deposits cover the wall of the gallbladder. People with porcelain gallbladder are at high risk of developing gallbladder cancer.
Obesity: Obese or overweight people are at risk of developing Gallbladder stones hence are susceptible to develop gallbladder cancer.
Choledochal cysts: Choledochal cysts are bile-filled sacs along the common bile duct, the cells lining the sac often have areas of pre-cancerous changes, which can progress to gallbladder cancer over time.
Abnormalities of the bile ducts: Some people have a defect where bile juice flows backward from the pancreas into the Gallbladder. People with such abnormalities are possibly at higher risk of developing gallbladder cancer.
Family history of gallbladder cancer: A person’s probability to get gallbladder cancer increases if anyone from his/her family had gallbladder cancer.
Exposure to chemicals used in the rubber and textile industries
Exposure to nitrosamines
Smoking

Stages

Staging is a way of determining to what extent cancer has spread in the body. it stages are briefed below:
Stage 0: At this stage, the cancer is small in size and limited to the innermost layer of the gallbladder.
Stage I: At this stage, the cancer cells start to penetrate into the second and third layers of the gallbladder.
Stage II: At this stage, cancer has now penetrated the deeper layer of perimuscular fibrous tissue but not spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs.
Stage III: This stage is further divided into two subcategories:

Stage IIIA: Cancer has extended through the outermost layer of the gallbladder or may have extended into the liver or another nearby organ. However, it has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or more distant organs.
Stage IIIB: Cancer cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes, but the tumor has not spread into the blood vessels leading to the liver, or more than one nearby organ other than the liver. Cancer has also not reached distant organs as well.

Stage IV: This stage is further divided into two subcategories:

Stage IVA: Cancer has spread into the blood vessels leading to the liver or has extended to a nearby organ other than the liver. Cancer cells may have reached nearby lymph nodes, but they have not reached distant organs.
Stage IVB: Cancers at this stage are the most advanced. Cancer cells have either spread to lymph nodes farther away from the gallbladder, or they have spread to distant organs.

Diagnosis

An accurate diagnosis helps in the right plan of treatment for any disease.

Medical history and physical exam

If a person shows some signs that suspect to have gallbladder cancer, he/she should consult the physician or cancer expert, or oncologist with no delays. A doctor can look for the signs precisely and can recommend further investigation in case of any doubt.

Blood test

A blood test is done to determine the level of bilirubin. High levels of bilirubin may indicate a problem with either the liver or gallbladder.

Ultrasound whole abdomen

CT scan

A CT scan helps the doctor by providing a detailed, 3-dimensional image that shows any abnormalities or tumors. A CT scan may be used to measure the tumor’s size.

MRI

An MRI is used to find out whether cancer has spread outside the gallbladder. MRI can also be used to measure the tumor’s size.

X-ray

A standard X-ray of the chest may be performed to see if the cancer cells have spread to the lungs.

Cholangiography

This test may be performed either by using an MRI machine or endoscope or by inserting a needle through the skin of the abdomen allowing the doctor to look at the bile ducts.

Biopsy

In cases when gallbladder cancer is diagnosed on other tests, a biopsy is performed. A small amount of tissue is removed from the gallbladder and sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope. A biopsy can make a definite diagnosis.

PET-CT scan.

A PET scan is usually combined with a CT scan to create pictures of organs and tissues inside the body.

Laparoscopy

A surgical procedure using an instrument called a laparoscope to look at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of disease. This procedure helps to find out to what extent cancer has spread in the body.

Endoscopic ultrasonography

A procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the body, usually through the mouth or rectum to see the tissues inside.

Treatment

The gallbladder cancer program at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi offers surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy. Common treatments for gallbladder cancer include:

Surgery

Surgery is a common treatment for gallbladder cancer and the specialist may perform the surgery either to completely remove the tumor if the cancer is still localized or to relieve the symptoms of the cancer is spread to other organs. Cholecystectomy and radical gallbladder resection are the two commonly performed surgical procedures.

Cholecystectomy: This surgery is done to remove the gallbladder completely.
Radical gallbladder resection: This surgical procedure involves the removal of a wedge-shaped section of the liver near the gallbladder, the common bile duct, part or all of the ligaments between the liver and intestines, and the lymph nodes around the pancreas and nearby blood vessels along with gallbladder.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is the use of medicines to kill cancer cells by stopping the cancer cells from growing and dividing. The number of cycles given to the patient is decided by the oncologist depending upon the severity of the patient’s condition.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy radiations to destroy cancer cells. This therapy may be used either before surgery to shrink the size of the tumor or after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells.

Targeted Therapy

Cancer develops when one’s DNA changes, targeted therapy use medicines that target the process of changes in DNA. This therapy can be combined with chemotherapy.

Palliative Therapy

Palliative treatments vary widely and often include medication, nutritional changes, relaxation techniques, emotional support, and other therapies. Palliative care is a treatment used to help control or reduce symptoms caused by cancer. It’s not meant to cure cancer.

Consult the cancer specialist at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi.

Self care for cancer patients

When someone is diagnosed with cancer, the patient suffers physically as well as mentally even after the right treatment. During the treatment for cancer, there are different phases and it is really important for the patient to possess self-care. What can cancer patients or their relatives expect during each phase of treatment and help themselves or their loved ones to attain a confident life throughout the journey of cancer treatment.
Right knowledge is the key to the right self-care of cancer patients.
“Cancer experts at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi” have summarized certain useful tips which are an important part of a patient’s physical and mental well-being.
Following are certain valuable tips or tasks that may help cancer patients and their families to lead a strong life throughout their treatment.

FOLLOW A BALANCED DIET AND NUTRITION

If nutrition taken is improper, it makes it difficult for any patient to sustain the high dosage treatment for the required duration. This is because any imbalance in the diet can affect the normal functioning of the body.

The patients undergoing cancer treatment need to ensure their diet comprises adequate sources of protein, fats, minerals, vitamins, and carbohydrates for their body to be able to function well.

One should consume more fresh fruits and vegetables that are rich in antioxidants, minerals, vitamins, and dietary fibers.

Other foods such as lean proteins like fish (white-fleshed), plain greek yogurt, beans and lentils, egg-white are good sources of high-quality protein.
Low-fat milk and cottage cheese are decent sources of good fat for the body. These foods also can help the patients manage side-effects of treatment, strengthen their appetite, and can lower the risk of infections.
Please remember to wash the fruits and vegetables before consuming them and stick to pasteurized products.

The patient can consult a professional dietician or nutritionist for a personalized and balanced diet plan. That will help the patients maintain a healthy state of nutrition for their body in long run.
Book an appointment with the best oncologists for cancer treatment as well as a diagnosis at the best cancer hospital in Delhi.

DRINK PLENTY OF WATER TO KEEP YOURSELF HYDRATED

Cells in our body do not function well when our body doesn’t receive sufficient fluids or water intake is low in our body. It is advisable to drink a minimum of 2 to 3 liters of water a day to keep our body’s minerals in balance. A high intake of water may be needed to cope with side effects like diarrhea and vomiting that can easily dry us out.

REGULAR PHYSICAL EXERCISES

Regular exercises and physical workouts help boost our immunity and physical strength. It is advisable to discuss with a professional physical trainer or Professional Physiotherapist to initiate a suitable exercise program.

TAKE PROPER REST

Sufficient rest is very essential for anyone in maintaining good physical as well as emotional health.
One should be involved in exercises regularly but over-exercising may be harmful so one should listen to his/her body. One should take proper rest or breaks as required by the body.
Have sound sleep, a minimum of eight hours a day for good mental health.

PERSONAL HYGIENE

Practicing self-hygiene plays an important role in a patient’s health as it can lift the spirits of the patient up.

KNOWING THE SIDE-EFFECTS OF TREATMENT FOR CANCER

Treatments for cancer result in certain side effects like nausea, hair loss, knowing these side effects during and post-treatment can help the patients gain a sense of control over what’s happening with their body.

FIND STRESS-BUSTER

Patients after cancer treatments go through emotional as well as physical stress. It is really very important for these patients to find out things that can help relieve their stress. Fewer worries help patients to gain emotional strength to fight cancer in a better way.
There are certain tactics patients can follow as their stress buster:

Listening to some favorite music at times.
Practicing a few relaxation sessions such as meditation, mild yoga exercises, acupuncture sessions, and aromatherapy sessions.

It is advisable to consult your treating oncologist to know more about such activities and to know what suits the patient’s body.

SPEND TIME WITH YOUR LOVED ONES

It is not wise to abstain oneself from his/her family and social life as it can lead to a negative impact on one’s health.
Spending time with family and friends can have a positive impact on the patients’ health and treatment outcomes.

A WORD OF ADVICE FROM ONCOPLUS HOSPITAL, DELHI

Having sufficient knowledge about cancer is as important as curing it. We should always be aware and stay updated about different types of cancer, causing factors, symptoms, screening, diagnosis, treatment options, and how to prevent cancer to develop. Self-awareness can help us to act on noticing any significant signs or manage cancer in a better way.
To know about different types of cancer, click on the link given below.
https://www.oncoplus.co.in/cancer-treatments/

Our experts encourage the relatives and caregivers of the patients undergoing treatment to keep a subtle and positive tone of communication with patients.

If you are seeking relevant guidance to manage your or your loved one’s cancer journey, the panel of medical experts at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi can help you providing the right direction.
Consult our medical team for screening https://www.oncoplus.co.in/our-doctors/

Consult the cancer specialist at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi.

Liver Cancer

Liver cancer is cancer that begins in the liver cells. Several types of cancers can develop in the liver but Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of liver, which begins in the liver cell (hepatocyte).

Symptoms

Symptoms of liver cancer do not appear until the cancer is at an advanced stage. But when signs and symptoms appear, these may include:

Fatigability and general weakness
Unexplained weight loss
Loss of appetite
Pain in the upper abdominal region
Nausea and vomiting
Swelling in Abdomen
Jaundice leading to yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes
White or chalky stools

Book an appointment with the Best Cancer Specialist at Oncoplus Hospital.

Causes and risk factors

Hepatocellular Carcinoma or Primary liver cancer tends to occur in the liver because of the following:

Birth defects
Hemochromatosis – A hereditary disease associated with too much iron in the liver
Obesity
Chronic infection with Hepatitis B or C
Cirrhosis. This condition is progressive and irreversible, causes scar tissue to develop in the liver increasing the chances of developing cancer in the liver.
Certain inherited liver diseases including hemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease increase the risk of developing liver cancer.
Diabetes. People with diabetes are at more risk of liver cancer than those who do not have diabetes.
Fatty liver disease. Accumulation of fat in the liver increases the risk of developing liver cancer.
Excessive alcohol consumption over many years may lead to liver damage increases the risk of liver cancer.

Diagnosis/screening

When someone shows signs and symptoms related to liver cancer, he/she should visit the physician for a general check-up. If the cancer is diagnosed in early stage, treatment is likely to be effective.

Blood Tests
Ultrasound
CT Scan shows the exact location of cancer in the liver.
MRI Scan
Biopsy: The surgeon removes a sample of live tissue and examines it under a microscope to check for cancerous cells.

Book an appointment with the best oncologists for liver cancer treatment as well as a diagnosis at the best cancer Hospital in Delhi.

Stages

The staging of liver cancer determines the extent of cancer in the liver and body. After confirmation of the diagnosis, oncologists look for the stage of cancer. Certain tests including CT scans, MRIs, and bone scans help to determine the size and location of cancer and to what extent it has spread.

There are five stages in liver cancer:
Stage 0 – In this stage, the tumor is less than 2cm in size, and the liver functions normally.
Stage A – In this stage, the liver works well but tumor size increases up to 3 cm or there are a few small tumors less than 3cm in diameter develop in the liver.
Stage B – At this stage, multiple tumors are developed in the liver, but the person shows no signs and symptoms, as liver function is normal.
Stage C – At this stage, the cancerous cells have spread up to blood vessels, lymph nodes and the person is not feeling very well and is less active.
Stage D – This stage is advanced as a person experiences liver damage and needs urgent medical attention.

Cancer Treatment

The plan of treatment for liver cancer depends on certain factors such as the stage of the disease as well as the patient’s age, overall health. Treatment options for liver cancer are :

1. Surgery

Surgical resection
Surgical resection is a term used for the procedure done to remove the cancerous cells if the liver is damaged partially limiting cancer in a small part of the liver. Since the liver can regenerate itself, that is the reason that it is possible to remove a large section of it without seriously affecting the health, but in the case of liver cancer, the ability of the liver to regenerate is impaired so surgical resection may be unsafe.Surgical resection can be performed or not is decided by the Oncosurgeons after a thorough assessment of the patient.
Surgery to remove the tumor. In cases where the tumor is small in diameter and the liver is functioning normally, in those cases, a small portion of healthy liver tissue surrounding the tumor is also removed along with the cancerous tissue.
Liver transplant surgery. This surgery is by replacing the diseased liver with a healthy liver received from a donor. Liver transplant is done if:
- The single tumour is less than 5 cm in size
- The single tumour is up to 7 cm in size but has not grown for 6 months
- Three or a few small tumors less than 3 cm in size

2. Localized treatments

Localized treatments means treatments that are directly administered to the cancer cells. A few localized treatment options available for liver cancer are as follows:

Radiofrequency ablation or heating the cancer cells. In this process, electric current is used to heat and destroy cancer cells in the liver.
Cryoablation or Freezing cancer cells. Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze the cancer cells eventually destroying the cancer cells.
Injecting alcohol directly into the tumor either through the skin or during a surgical procedure. Alcohol kills the tumor cells.
Radiation in the liver. beads filled with radiation may be placed directly in the liver where they can deliver radiation directly to the tumor-killing them

3. Radiation therapy

This treatment uses high-powered energy to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation therapy might be an option if other treatments are not possible or if they have not responded well.

4. Targeted drug therapy

Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die.

5. Immunotherapy

The cancer cells produce proteins that blind the immune system cells not letting the immune system fight cancer. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process, uses our immune system to fight cancer.

6. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses certain medicines to kill rapidly growing cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs are administered through a vein or orally.

7. Palliative Care or Supportive care

Palliative care is specialized medical care that aims on providing relief from pain due to some serious illness. Palliative care specialists work with the patient and the patient’s family to provide extra support complimenting the ongoing treatment and care.

Consult the cancer specialist at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi.

Mesothelioma cancer

A cancer that occurs in the thin layer of tissue of certain parts of the body, most commonly the linings of the chest or abdomen is termed as Malignant Mesothelioma.

This type of cancer is a deadly form of cancer, however there are treatments available for Mesothelioma.

Sign & symptoms and Types of malignant mesothelioma

Mesothelioma cancer can start in four main parts of the body.

Pleural mesotheliomas start in the chest. When cancer develops in the lining of the lungs that is pleura, that type of cancer is termed as Pleural mesotheliomas. This type of cancer is the most commonly diagnosed case of mesotheliomas.
Signs and symptoms of Pleural mesotheliomas are as follows:
- Painful coughing
- Pain in the side of the chest or lower back
- Unusual lump under the skin on chest
- Shortness of breath
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigability
- Difficulty in breathing
- Trouble in swallowing
- Hoarseness in voice
- Swelling in face and arms
Peritoneal mesotheliomas start in the abdomen. Peritoneal mesothelioma affects the lining of the abdominal cavity called as peritoneum and is diagnosed in about 15 – 20% of all mesothelioma cases.
Signs and symptoms of Peritoneal mesotheliomas are as follows:
- Pain in abdomen
- Swelling in the abdomen
- Fever
- Nausea and vomiting
- Unexplained weight loss
- Blood clotting abnormalities
- Bowel obstruction leading to constipation
- Anaemia
Pericardial mesotheliomas start in the covering around the lining of the heart known as pericardium. This form of cancer is very rare.
Signs and symptoms of Pericardial mesotheliomas are as follows:
- Breathing difficulty
- Chest pain
- Irregular heart rhythm
- Fluid in chest
Mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis start in the covering layer of the testicles and are very rare form of cancer, diagnosed in less than 1% of all cases. Symptoms include Testicular pain and Scrotal swelling caused by fluid buildup.

Causes and Risk factors of Mesotheliomas

Smoking: Those who smoke are more likely to develop asbestos-related lung cancer.
Asbestos exposure: Asbestos is a mineral which is present in our environment, its fibres are used in insulation, brakes, shingles, flooring and many other products as these are resistant to heat and strong. Exposure to asbestos is the main causing factor of pleural mesothelioma.
Zeolites: These minerals are common in the rocks and soil in some areas. Exposure to these minerals is believed to be responsible for causing mesotheliomas in those prone areas.
Radiation Exposure: Exposure to high doses of radiation to chest or abdomen can cause Mesotheliomas.
Genetics: Some studies indicate that mesotheliomas can be transferred to next generation.
Weakening of lung tissue: People with weak lung tissue are host to be exposed to asbestos.

Stages of Mesotheliomas

The stages of any cancer indicates the extent of cancer in body and expert can define the plan of treatment accordingly.

Stage 1: At this stage, the tumour is limited to the mesothelial lining and has not spread to the surrounding organ.
Stage 2: In this stage,the cancer spread to nearby organs like lung or diaphragm.
Stage 3: This stage is advanced as in this stage, cancer cells spread to nearby organs, tissues and lymph nodes.
Stage 4: This stage is advanced than previous stage, in this stage, cancer has spread to nearby as well as distant tissues, lymph nodes and organs.

Diagnosis

Medical history and physical examination of the patient
Blood tests: A few blood tests help rule out the problem.
Fluid and tissue sample tests: In cases when the patient has fluid in the body that may be related to mesothelioma. A sample of is examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
Biopsy: Cells are removed from the affected or abnormal area and examined under a microscope to confirm for the cancerous cells.
Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray help in showing the abnormal thickening of lung lining or calcium deposits on the lung lining or presence of fluid in the chest.
Computed tomography (CT): CT scans are used to look for the exact location of the cancer, which eventually help determine the stage of the cancer.
Positron emission tomography (PET scan): A PET scan helps the doctor in knowing the exact location of cancer also the confirmation of diagnosis.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRI scans also show detailed images of the soft tissues in the body. Similarly in case of Mesotheliomas MRI scans show the exact location and extent of a tumour.

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MESOTHELIOMA CANCER

Treatment for mesothelioma Cancer depends on a number of factors. Treating mesothelioma often involves a combination of two or three modes of treatment. Various treatment options are discussed as below:

Cancer Surgery

Surgical options may include:

Surgery to reduce fluid build-up. Pleural mesothelioma may cause fluid to build up in chest, causing difficulty in breathing. Surgeons insert a tube or catheter into the chest to drain the fluid.
(Pleurectomy)Surgery to remove the tissue around the lungs. Surgeons remove the tissue lining the ribs and the lungs. This procedure would not cure mesothelioma, but may relieve signs and symptoms.
Surgery to remove a lung and the surrounding tissue. Removing the affected lung and the tissue that surrounds may relieve signs and symptoms of pleural mesothelioma.
Surgery for peritoneal mesothelioma. Peritoneal mesothelioma is sometimes treated with surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible.

Book an appointment with the best oncologists for mesothelioma cancer treatment as well as diagnosis at best cancer Hospital in Delhi

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy drugs work by attacking fast-growing cells, such as cancer cells. It stops the growth of cancerous mesothelioma cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing.
Chemotherapy can be given by mouth, injected into a vein or muscle to enter the bloodstream and reach mesothelioma cells throughout the body, or it can be placed directly into the affected area of the body to mainly affect mesothelioma cells in that area.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy focuses high-energy beams to kill mesothelioma cells or keep them from growing. Radiation may be used after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. It may also help reduce signs and symptoms of advanced cancer in cases where surgery is not an option.

Immunotherapy in delhi

Immunotherapy uses patient’s immune system to fight cancer by interfering with the process that weaken immune system.

Palliative surgery

It may be considered as an option if the cancer has already spread to greater extent when it hard to remove completely. The goal of this treatment is to ease or prevent symptoms not to cure the cancer.

Book an appointment with the Best Cancer Specialist at Oncoplus Hospital.

Cervical Cancer: Preventive measures

Cervical cancer is caused when certain alterations occur in the cervix, cervical cancer takes place slowly over time. There are certain factors responsible for causing cervical cancer majorly Human papillomavirus (HPV) – a sexually transmitted infection.
A number of preventive measures can reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. A few are discussed below:

1. Having fewer sexual partners

Getting involved with multiple partners sexually, increase the risk of exposure to HPV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Those women, who are infected with HPV, do not know that they have HPV until they experience some changes in the cervix. That is the main reason why health screening is important. The more sexual partners a female has, the risk of transmitting the HPV virus becomes higher which eventually leads to a high risk of developing cervical cancer.

2. Use of Condom

Since HPV is spread by skin contact of the genital areas, so the use of condoms can help prevent HPV infection by adding a barrier of protection.

3. Stop Smoking

However, smoking is not related to HPV infection but few studies have proved that women who smoke are at more risk of getting HPV infection in comparison to non-smoker women. The reason is smoking ruins the overall immune system, which eventually makes someone susceptible to get infected. Smoking is a risk factor, which can be prevented. Quitting smoking may help reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer.

4. Healthy Diet

A healthy diet, maintenance of healthy body weight, and regular physical activities can reduce the risk of cervical cancer. This is because a healthy lifestyle boosts our immune system and reduces the Cancer developing changes in the body.
In addition, few fruits and vegetables contain natural antioxidants that help fight diseases such as cancer.
Book an appointment with the medical oncologists for cervical cancer treatment as well as a diagnosis at the best cancer Hospital in Delhi

5. HPV Vaccination

Vaccination targets a number of different strains of the HPV virus preventing the risk of cervical cancer. The vaccine is given in 2 to 3 shots over the period of six to 12 months. The vaccine is injected into the muscle of the thigh or upper arm.
Women are instructed to involve in regular vaccination programs to reduce the frequency of cervical cancer.

6. Check-Ups and Screening

7. Birth Control

A Gynaecologist places a birth control device knowns as an Intrauterine device (IUD) in the uterus. However, it is not certain but it is believed to be related to the immune system.

Consult Gynaecologist and Oncology team expert at Oncoplus Hospital, Delhi.

Book an appointment with the Best Cancer Specialist at Oncoplus Hospital.

A Guide on Cervical cancer and its treatment

Cervical cancer begins in the lowest portion of a woman’s uterus called the uterine cervix. Cervix connects the uterus with the vagina. Cervical cancer develops over time and is the fourth most common type of cancer for women worldwide.

Signs and symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Abnormal bleeding per vaginum or abnormal vaginal bleeding: Unusual bleeding after sexual intercourse, bleeding after menopause, bleeding and spotting between periods
Heavier menstrual bleeding than usual
Pelvic pain
Discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse
Unusual discharge from the vagina: the discharge may be colorless or may contain some blood and may occur between the periods or after menopause.
Back pain
Pain during urination
Swelling in legs
Urinary incontinence and blood in the urine
Symptoms like shortness of breath, confusion, and bone fractures
In the advanced stage of cancer, Kidney failure due to a urinary tract or bowel obstruction

These symptoms may also indicate other health problems that are not related to cervical cancer, but it is suggested to consult the expert if you experience any of the above-mentioned symptoms to increase the chances of successful management of the case.

Risk factors for Cervical Cancer

HPV -Human papillomavirus infection: The most important risk factor for cervical cancer is infection by the human papillomavirus, which is a group of more than 150 related viruses. This virus can spread from one person to another person via skin contact.
There is no cure for HPV infection but there are ways to treat warts occurred due to infection and abnormal cell growth caused by HPV.
Smoking: Females who smoke are at more risk to get cervical cancer as compared with non-smoker females. Research proves that few substances present in smoke damage the DNA of cervix cells that may contribute to the development of cervical cancer.
A weakened immune system: Women with a weak immune system put them at higher risk for getting HPV infections.
Chlamydia infection: A kind of bacteria, Chlamydia, which is spread by sexual contact, can infect the reproductive system. Infection caused due to Chlamydia bacteria can cause pelvic inflammation, leading to infertility.
Women show no signs, who are infected with chlamydia unless they are tested for chlamydia during a pelvic examination.
Less intake of fruits and vegetables: Females who take fewer fruits and vegetables may be at more risk for cervical cancer.
Obesity or overweight: Overweight Women are more likely to develop cervix cancer.
Long-term use of birth control pills or oral contraceptives: Research suggests that women who take oral contraceptives for a longer time are at more risk of getting cervical cancer. The risk goes down again after the birth control drugs are stopped, and normalizes about 10 years after stopping.
IUD or Intrauterine device use: Women with IUD have some risks related to cervix cancer so it is suggested to discuss the possible risks and benefits with her doctor before opting for IUD.
Having multiple pregnancies: Women who have had more than 3 full-term pregnancies are more likely to have the risk of cervical cancer development.
Family history of cervical cancer: If someone in the family had cervical cancer that increases the risk.
Multiple sexual partners: If any woman is involved with multiple sexual partners, more are the chances that she may develop cervical cancer.
Age: The average age of a woman who is diagnosed with cervical cancer is 48.

Book an appointment with Oncology experts at Oncoplus Cancer care.

Stages of Cervical Cancer

The stage of Cervical cancer like any other cancer indicates the extent to which it has spread in the body. Different stages of any cancer help the oncologist to define the best treatment plan and increase the chances of survival.
Generally, cervical cancer has five stages:

Stage 0: This stage is referred to as carcinoma in situ (CIS) because, in this stage, the abnormal cells are present only on the surface of the cervix.
Stage I: In this stage, cancerous cells have outgrown from the surface into deeper tissues of the cervix and possibly into the uterus but have not spread to any surrounding lymph nodes or organs.
Stage II: In this stage, the tumor has spread beyond the cervix and uterus, affecting nearby lymph nodes but does not involve the pelvic walls or the lower part of the vagina.
Stage III: In this stage, the cancerous cells have invaded the lower part of the vagina or pelvic wall.
Stage IV: In this stage, cancer has spread to the bladder or rectum, or to the organs in other areas of the body.

How to diagnose Cervical Cancer

1. Physical examination and Medical history

The first step is the evaluation of the patient by the doctor to define the general state of the patient’s health.

2. Pap Smear

Pap smear is an important and preventive diagnostic tool in diagnosing cervical cancer as this test can reveal abnormalities of the cervix before they progress into cancer.
The Gynaecologist in Pap smear test removes a tiny amount of tissue from the cervix. It is a matter of only a few seconds. The sample is sent to the laboratory for analysis.

3. Human Papillomavirus Testing

HPV testing is done as a Pap smear test is done. The collected sample is sent to the laboratory to analyze for the Virus.

Women with symptoms of cervical cancer or abnormal Pap results are recommended to undergo the following tests:

Colposcopy: A lighted magnifying instrument called Colposcope is used to visualize the vagina to see the surface of the cervix closely and clearly. If the Gynaecologist detects any abnormality, a biopsy is done in this case. A biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue from the vagina, which is sent to the laboratory to look for the abnormal area if it is a pre-cancer, true cancer, or neither.
Blood tests: A blood cell count help analyze any liver or kidney-related problems.
CT scan: CT scans are usually done in case of large tumors or if there is concern about cancer spread.
MRI: MRI shows soft tissue parts of the body sometimes better than other imaging tests.
Pelvic ultrasound: shows an image of the target area on a monitor.
A chest x-ray is done to see if cancer has spread to the lungs. This is usually done when the cancer is in an advanced stage.
PET scan (Positron emission tomography): PET scan is helpful in assessing the affected site other than the cervix as it scans the whole body.

Book an appointment with the medical oncologists for cervical cancer treatment at the best cancer Hospital in Delhi

Treatment Options for Cervical Cancer

Similar to another type of cancer, treatment for cervical cancer too depends on certain factors, such as the stage of cancer, age of the patient, and other health problems the patient may have.
Various treatment options for cervical cancer include Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of the three.

1. Surgery

Surgery is a common treatment method when cancer has not spread from the cervix to other sites in the body.

Surgery to remove cancer only. It is possible to remove a very small cervical cancer entirely with a cone biopsy. This procedure removes a cone-shaped piece of cervical tissue leaving the rest of the cervix intact.
Trachelectomy: Surgery to remove the cervix. Trachelectomy procedure removes the cervix and some surrounding affected area in early-stage cervical cancer, leaving the Uterus intact.
Hysterectomy: Surgery to remove the uterus along with the cervix. Hysterectomy means removal of the Uterus if it is affected.

Treatment for advanced cervical cancer

Cancer Surgery is not the only option when cancer has spread beyond the cervix. Advanced stage cancer requires more extensive treatment, which involves either radiation therapy or a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

2. Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses beams of high-energy X-rays or radiations to kill the cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used after surgery in case the experts detect an increased risk that cancer can come back.

3. Chemotherapy in Delhi

Chemotherapy destroys cancerous cells using certain chemicals or medications. Chemotherapy targets cancer cells that cannot be removed by surgery. Since chemotherapy is a drug treatment so can be given through a vein or taken orally in pill form. Some cervical cancer patients undergo chemotherapy sessions for weeks, while other patients may receive them for months.
In few cases where cervical cancer is advanced locally, chemotherapy is combined with Radiation therapy to enhance the effects of radiation and prevent the symptoms of advanced cancer to distant sites in the body.

4. Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy interrupts the cellular processes that promote the growth of cancer cells using certain drugs. Target therapy is used for advanced cancers. This type of therapy stops the tumors to make new blood vessels, which is required for tumor growth.

5. Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps the immune system to fight cancer using certain medicines. Immunotherapy is considered in advanced cancer and when other treatment options are not working.

6. Palliative care or Supportive care

Palliative care is supportive care provided by a professional team of doctors, nurses, and other specially trained professionals. Such a team aims at improving the quality of life for patients with cancer and their families. These team professionals work closely with the patients and their families to provide extra support that complements their ongoing care.
With such care along with all of the other appropriate treatments, cancer patients may feel better and live longer.

Book an appointment with the Best Cancer Specialist at Oncoplus Hospital.